Impact of diseases on fish production of baors in Jessore, Bangladesh

Bipul Kumar Dey Md. Mer Mosharraf Hossain Sanjoy Banerjee Bappa Shirin Akter Shoumo Khondoker

Department of Fisheries and Marine Bioscience, Jessore University of Science and Technology, Jessore-7408, Bangladesh

Correspondence: Bipul Kumar Dey, Department of Fisheries and Marine Bioscience, Jessore University of Science and Technology;

Email: bipulkumar.jstu@gmail.com

Received: 07 Jan 2014, Received in revised form: 14 Apr 2014, Accepted: 22 Apr 2014, Published online: 24 Apr 2014

Citation: Dey BK, Hossain MMM, Bappa SB, Akter S and Khondoker S (2014) Impact of diseases on fish production of baors in Jessore,

Bangladesh. Journal of Fisheries 2(1): 70-75. DOI: dx.doi.org/10.17017/jfish.v2i1.2014.11

Abstract

The study was carried out to assess the impact of diseases on fish production in baors of Jessore district,

Bangladesh from March 2012 to January 2013. Studied baors were selected randomly from each sub-district

which covered 39.22% of total baors and 71.87% baor areas in Jessore district. All the surveyed baors were

affected more or less by various diseases and in 80% baors noticeable production loss occurred almost every

year. The main diseases were epizootic ulcerative syndrome (EUS), dropsy, gill rot and fin rot; out breaking

time ranged from November to February each year. EUS was recorded in 85% baors whereas other diseases

were found in various baors at various percentages: dropsy (75%), gill rot (45%) and fin rot (55%). Conferring

to the number of affected fishes, 31.25% were affected by EUS, 37.5% by dropsy, 12.5% by gill rot and 18.75%

by fin rot. In the year 2012, 0.513% loss of production has occurred that designated 0.7599 million BDT.

Through successful work on disease control and management, production loss may be minimized.

Keywords: Impact, fish diseases, production, baor, oxbow lake

INTRODUCTION

Bangladesh has achieved remarkable progress in the

fisheries sector since its independence in 1971 and this

sector have been playing a very significant role and

deserve potential for future development in the agrarian

economy of Bangladesh (DoF 2012). The sector's

contribution to the national economy is much higher than

its 4.39% share in GDP, as it provides about 60% of the

animal protein intake and more than 11% of the total

population of the country is directly or indirectly involved

in this sector for their livelihoods (DoF 2012). The

increasing rate of exporting of fish and fishery products

was 45.54% from the fiscal year 2009-2010 to 2010-2011.

In recent years, this sector performs the highest GDP

growth rate in comparison to other agricultural sectors

(crop, livestock and forestry) (DoF 2012). The growth rate

of this sector over the last 10 years is almost steady and

encouraging, varying from 4.76% to 7.32% with an

average 5.61%. Whereas last four years average growth

rate of this sector is 6.22%. The country's export earnings

from this sector were 2.46% during the fiscal year 2011-

12 (DoF 2012).

Bangladesh is one of the world's leading fish producing

countries and it’s total fish production shows a

consistently increasing trend from the fiscal year 1983-

1984 to 2011-2012 and the production increased more

than four times (754,000 MT in 1983-1984 to 3,262,000

MT in 2011-12) (DoF 2013). The diversified fisheries

resources of the country are divided into three groups,

i.e., inland capture, inland culture and marine capture.

Inland culture includes mainly pond/ditch, baor (oxbow

lake), shrimp/prawn farm, seasonal cultured water body

etc. covering an area of about 774,055 ha and produces

1,726,067 MT fish and shrimp that covers 52.92% of total

production during the fiscal year 2011-2012 (DoF 2013).

There are about six hundred oxbow lakes in four greater

districts of Jessore, Faridpur, Khulna and Kushtia having

many of these concentrations in greater Jessore district

(Hasan 2003, Biswas et al. 2009 and Abdullah-Bin-Farid et

al. 2013). Total 51 baors are situated in Jessore region

(Personal communication: Mr. Haridash, Statistics Officer,

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Impact of diseases on fish production of baors in Jessore, Bangladesh

Dey et al.

DoF, Jessore). Total area of baors in Jessore region is

1,882 ha (DoF 2011). Though the inland closed water area

is only 16.47% of the total inland water-bodies, but

52.92% of the total yield comes from this inland closed

water area (DoF 2013).

Fishery is the second export earning sector which

contributes about 4.43% of the gross domestic product

(GDP) and it contributes 22.21% in agriculture 2.73% of

total foreign exchange income comes from Fisheries sub

sector (DoF 2012). Disease is one of the major limiting

factors to obtain the production target and among

various diseases bacterial disease in fish is a serious

threat to aquaculture system in Bangladesh. Fish farmers

have been facing great problems due to fish diseases that

cause severe damages and mortality in both culture and

wild fishes (Rahman and Chowdhury 1996). Various types

of diseases such as ulcer type disease including epizootic

ulcerative syndrome, bacterial hemorrhagic septicemia,

tail rot and fin rot, bacterial gill rot, dropsy, columnar

disease, fungal disease and parasitic disease are

important limiting factors for sustainable fish production

(Chowdhury 1997). The major fish diseases occurred in

Bangladesh are epizootic ulcerative syndrome (EUS),

different types of fungal and parasitic diseases etc.

(Chowdhury et al. 2003). Moreover, Tail rot and Fin rot

disease is also found in different fish farms and the rate of

incidence of this type of disease is assumed to be

increased in the recent years (Faruk et al. 2004).

Bangladesh has many baors and Jessore district possesses

a great portion of baor area but no remarkable work was

conducted on fish diseases in baors. So, in the present

study, impact of fish diseases on fish production of baors

in Jessore district was investigated.

METHODOLOGY

Study area and duration: The study was conducted in

various baors of Jessore district, situated in the south-

west part of Bangladesh (Figure 1). The total area of

sample baors is 1352.63 ha which covers 71.87% of total

area of baors in Jessore and the duration of the study was

March 2012 to January 2013.

Sampling framework: Sample baors were selected

randomly ensuring the inclusion of each Upazila (sub-

district, 7 in number). Bangladesh has 5,488 ha baor area

and in Jessore district the total area of baors is 1,882

hectors and thus the Jessore district contains 34.29% baor

area of Bangladesh. Twenty baors (Table 1) were selected

and primary data were collected employing effective

techniques such as personal interview (home visit), focus

group discussion (FGD), and telephonic interview.

Figure 1: Map of Bangladesh indicating the study area.

All the studied baors were managed under community

based fisheries management approach. A total of 144

farmers and concerned members were interviewed for

primary data collection. Fish production, investment and

income data were collected from the respondents during

interview.

Table 1: Surveyed baors and their areas

Name of the baors Area (ha) Name of the baors

Hamidpur

Bukvora

Koikhali

Joghati

Radhanagar

Manikdaha

Purakhali

Zhapa

Khedapara

Khatura

17.40

153.0

47.00

46.47

31.56

08.51

54.25

245.39

57.00

65.00

Hariharnagar

Morshina

Uzzalpur

Krishnachandrapur

Bergobindapur

Kharincha

Konnadaha

Rajgonj

Mohishakura

Bahadurpur

Area (ha)

21.25

21.18

24.29

21.63

226.12

94.67

36.37

37.85

22.64

121.05

Total area: 1352.63 ha

Common fishes of those baors were Labeo rohita, Catla

catla, Cirrhina mrigala, L. calbasu, Hypophthalmichthys

molitrix, Ctenopharyngodon idella, Cyprinus carpio,

Puntius spp., Colisa fasciatus, Channa punctata, C.

striatus, Salmostorma bacaila, Amblypharyngodon mola,

Mystus tengra, Notopterus notopterus, Heteropneustes

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Impact of diseases on fish production of baors in Jessore, Bangladesh

J Fish 2(1): 70-75, Apr 2014

fossilis, Clarias batrachus, Glossogobius giuris, Wallago

attu and Chanda ranga. The main diseases were EUS,

dropsy, gill rot and fin rot which were identified in

relation to identifying keys (Table 2). Secondary data

were collected from various government and fisheries

correlated institutions and also collected from websites

and published literatures.

Table 2: Identifying keys for various diseases

Disease Identifying keys

EUS

Abnormal swimming with project out of water;

floating listlessly near the bank; red spots on the body;

ulceration covers large area; deep hemorrhage and

necrosis with black.

Distended abdomen; straw colored inside the body;

scale protrusion; exophthalmia; inflammation of

intestine; swelling and vacuolation of hepatocytes.

Grasping; remain to the surface; lethargic; anorexic

opercula become swollen; frayed appearance of

affected gill tissues; excessive mucus secretion;

damaged opercula.

Whitening area and lesions on the fin margin; frayed

and disintegration of soft tissues between fin rays; loss

of the total fin; damaged caudal fin.

Table 3: Total fish production, total cost and total income from

the studied baors

Year

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

HamidpurTFP23.00 27.00 34.00 38.00 42.00 45.23

TC00.65 00.54 00.58 00.60 00.65 00.69

TI00.75 01.16 01.05 01.23 01.35 01.40

BukvoraTFP155.0 163.0 206.0 281.0 337.0 360.5

TC03.24 03.48 04.29 05.21 06.41 07.24

TI09.85 12.50 13.84 14.25 19.52 20.75

KoikhaliTFP62.30 62.00 89.30 180.3 110.0 112.6

TC01.52 01.00 01.92 01.00 01.13 01.13

TI4.299 3.100 6.230 7.255 7.925 7.928

JoghatiTFP87.43 89.30 94.63 98.79 102.0 105.7

TC12.98 13.89 18.01 18.79 21.77 25.30

TI45.79 46.07 49.74 54.93 58.71 62.00

Radhanagor TFP54.60 56.72 62.33 69.02 74.33 80.01

TC00.82 00.94 01.70 01.96 01.71 01.83

TI03.80 03.96 04.20 04.63 05.25 05.54

Manikdaha TFP15.03 15.98 18.35 20.01 20.37 22.29

TC00.20 00.22 00.28 00.30 00.35 00.38

TI00.60 00.60 00.71 00.78 00.80 00.84

PurakhaliTFP42.20 52.20 63.80 73.80 108.5 115.1

TC01.56 01.51 02.07 02.13 02.80 03.09

TI01.54 02.49 02.96 03.17 05.62 06.05

ZhapaTFP95.03 99.50 106.8 112.1 116.3 119.7

TC01.08 01.15 01.32 01.40 01.60 01.78

TI05.91 06.08 06.68 07.19 07.28 07.49

Khedapara TFP51.50 59.30 91.70 114.5 116.9 125.6

TC00.45 00.65 00.96 01.36 01.55 01.72

TI02.06 02.97 05.28 07.14 06.74 07.20

KhaturaTFP89.25 87.00 114.2 126.8 143.3 153.2

TC01.52 01.55 01.51 01.98 02.55 02.72

TI04.84 04.40 06.28 07.79 08.99 09.78

Hariharnagar TFP37.70 35.50 42.60 46.20 50.20 54.70

TC00.74 00.73 00.73 00.83 00.94 01.17

TI02.39 02.33 02.57 02.57 02.79 02.99

MorshinaTFP29.70 21.58 28.75 27.15 31.12 34.20

TC00.28 00.31 00.35 00.35 00.30 00.37

TI01.53 01.62 01.83 01.43 02.20 02.70

UzzalpurTFP17.00 26.00 34.00 37.50 48.52 51.91

TC00.24 00.28 00.42 00.47 00.62 00.71

TI01.04 01.78 02.62 02.76 03.19 03.61

Krishnachan- TFP23.00 23.50 28.00 34.57 47.68 52.71

drapurTC00.35 00.40 00.41 00.54 00.76 00.83

TI01.50 1.800 2.885 2.701 3.176 3.620

Bergobinda- TFP327.0 330.0 336.0 340.9 344.1 350.3

purTC04.10 04.51 05.02 05.20 05.27 05.65

TI18.46 20.48 21.34 21.41 21.77 22.63

KharinchaTFP218.0 221.1 225.4 227.0 227.0 230.6

TC01.91 02.20 02.11 02.31 02.35 02.50

TI12.08 12.50 12.81 13.06 13.02 13.25

Konnadaha TFP63.60 72.72 76.33 80.02 87.33 93.57

TC01.09 01.16 01.91 02.17 01.91 02.07

TI03.82 04.36 05.65 04.36 05.65 06.08

RajgonjTFP54.88 56.78 69.60 74.05 86.78 92.25

TC00.63 00.66 00.86 00.93 00.96 01.13

TI03.13 03.29 03.80 04.43 05.22 07.08

Mohishakura TFP31.50 36.25 40.40 44.50 50.94 55.58

TC00.50 00.58 00.65 00.71 01.02 01.18

TI01.89 02.18 02.42 02.67 02.85 03.13

Bahadurpur TFP175.5 182.5 202.1 247.5 273.3 292.3

TC05.01 05.11 05.83 06.31 06.74 07.02

TI09.65 10.22 11.32 11.65 12.92 13.63

TFP=Total Fish Production in metric tons, TC=Total cost in million BDT,

TI=Total income in million BDT

Baor

Issues

Dropsy

Gill rot

Fin rot

The following equations were used for estimation of

production loss, the percentage of disease affection and

are average production loss are as follows:

Percentage (%) of production loss

100

Percentage (%) of specific disease

100

Percentage (%) of average production loss

100

Data analysis: The collected data were subjected to

descriptive analyses using the computer software

Microsoft Excel version 2007.

RESULTS

Total fish production, total cost and total income from the

studied baors are presented in Table 3. Total income was

increased in maximum cases between the year of 2007

and 2012. Total cost was also increased this time with

some rare exceptions (Table 3).

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Impact of diseases on fish production of baors in Jessore, Bangladesh

Dey et al.

No specific treatment was used in these baors for specific

fish disease and liming is the only one treatment in every

type of diseases in some baors (Table 4). In 50% baors

lime is used without calculation of the required dose. The

highest average loss from the year 2007 to 2012 has

occurred in Manikdaha Baor (1.446%) and the lowest in

Koikhali Baor (0.428%) (Table 4). Carps and other native

species were found to be affected by disease in all the

baors except Zhapa Baor where only snakeheads (Channa

sp.) were affected. The most violent disease was dropsy

(37.5%), covered the greatest portion in pie chart and

then EUS (31.25%) followed by fin rot (18.75%) and gill rot

(12.5%) in fishes (Figure 2). Because of those diseases

some loss has occurred in almost every year (Table 4). In

80% baors mortality was found noticeable (Table 4). In

50% baors lime was used as control measure of the

diseases and potash (KMnO4) was applied in only one

baor (Table 4).

Table 4: Disease status in studied baors

Baor

Hamidpur

Bukvora

Koikhali

Disease

Existing AverageAverage % of

Time of

treat- production lossaverage

outbreak

ment (kg/yr)(kg/yr) loss

Liming 34871.67

420

1.204

0.839

0.428

2.700

0.484

1.446

0.858

0.925

0.531

Due to mortality for diseases total loss of production of

fishes in plotted baors was 0.513% in weight (Table 5) and

that referred 0.7599 million BDT on the aspect of the year

2012.

Figure 2: Various fish diseases recorded in baors

Table 5: Fish production and percentage of fish loss in 2012

Total

production

(MT)

45.23

360.51

112.59

105.71

80.01

22.29

115.07

119.67

125.57

153.24

54.70

34.21

51.91

52.71

350.28

230.56

93.57

92.25

55.58

292.31

2547.97

Total loss

(MT)

0.42

2.10

0.44

2.60

0.32

0.27

0.80

1.10

0.24

0.21

0.22

0.43

2.09

0.50

0.29

1.03

13.06

Name of the baors

Hamidpur

Bukvora

Koikhali

Joghati

Radhanagar

Manikdaha

Purakhali

Zhapa

Khedapara

Khatura

Harihornagar

Morshina

Uzzalpur

Krishnachandrapur

Bergobindopur

Kharincha

Konnadaha

Rajgonj

Mohishakura

Bahadurpur

Total (MT)

(%) of loss

EUS, dropsy, Dec-Jan

gill rot

EUS, dropsy, Dec-Feb

gill rot

Dec-Feb

Dec-Jan

Nov-Jan

Dec-Feb

Nov-Jan

250418.33 2100

102743.17 440

2600

320

270

EUS, dropsy,

fin rot

JoghatiEUS, gill rot,

fin rot

Radhanagar EUS, dropsy,

gill rot

Manikdaha EUS, dropsy,

fin rot

PurakhaliEUS, dropsy

ZhapaEUS

Khedapara

Only 96306.67

liming

-66168.33

Only

liming

Only

liming

Only

liming

Potash

and

lime

Lime

18671.67

0.513%

75922.17 Ng

108221.67 Ng

93241.67

800

EUS, dropsy, Dec-Jan

gill rot

KhaturaDropsy, gill Dec-Jan

rot

Harihornagar EUS, dropsy Dec-Feb

118955.00 1100

44483.33

236

EUS, fin rot

EUS, gill rot

EUS, dropsy,

fin rot

EUS, dropsy,

gill rot, fin

rot

KharinchaDropsy

Konnadaha EUS, dropsy

RajgonjDropsy, fin

rot

Mohishakura EUS, gill rot,

fin rot

Bahadurpur EUS, dropsy,

fin rot

Morshina

Uzzalpur

Krishnachan-

drapur

Bergobindo-

pur

Nov-Jan

Dec-Jan

28749.50

35820.83

34909.33

210

215

430

0.730

0.600

1.232

0.619

338046.67 2092

[MT=Metric Ton]

Nov-Jan

Dec-Jan

Dec-Feb

Dec-Jan

Lime

224841.67 Ng

78928.33 496

72390.00 Ng

43195.00

285

0.628

0.660

0.450

DISCUSSIONS

In present study, surveyed baors were stocked with

Indian major carps and some exotic carp species. EUS,

dropsy, gill rot and fin rot were the common diseases.

Because of these diseases some lose has occurred due to

death of fish in baors. Similar findings was also reported

by Frerichs and Roberts (1989), they have mentioned that

228855.00 1030

[Yr=Year; Ng=Negligible]

Impact of diseases on fish production of baors in Jessore, Bangladesh

J Fish 2(1): 70-75, Apr 2014

tail rot and fin rot diseases are widely distributed in

tropical as well as temperate countries and most species

of fish are susceptible to these diseases. The major fish

diseases occurred in Bangladesh are EUS, Aeromonas

septicemia, different types of fungal and parasitic

diseases etc. affording to Chowdhury et al. (2003).

In this study, in all studied baors, time of disease outbreak

ranges from November to February (4 months) and

during this period mortality of fishes has been reported in

many baors. During December 1992 to February 1993

EUS was found in Puntius sp. and another carp in

Karnataka, India (Karunasagar et al. 1995). Various

diseases of fish were also recorded in Indian major carps

in the months November to December in Mymensingh,

Bangladesh (Baqui 1995). Necrosis, inflammation,

hemorrhage, hypertrophy, hyperplasia missing of primary

secondary gill lamellae were found within the months of

December and January in Anabas testudineus that was

recounted by Ahmed et al. (2007). So, it can be said that

fishes are susceptible to various diseases among the

months of November to February.

This was estimated that 31.25% fishes were affected by

EUS, 18.75% by fin rot, 12.5% by gill rot and 37.5% by

dropsy and totally 0.513% production loss has occurred

during the year of 2012. Most species of fish are

susceptible to tail rot and fin rot diseases and those may

cause large mortality that was stated by Frerichs and

Roberts (1989). Tail rot and fin rot diseases also reported

in C. catla and A. testudineus in some fish farms of

Bangladesh and the affected fishes showed lesion and

erosion on the tail and fins and approximately 40%

mortality was recorded in those farms (Foysal 2010).

Among the studied baors, the fish production and income

are increased with the increasing cost and/or investment

except some exceptions; some losses were occurred

between 2007 and 2012.Four diseases were responsible

for the loss of 0.513% of total fish production in the year

of 2012. In 50% disease affected baors lime was used

which was not sufficient to control the diseases.

Further study on fish diseases to find out their causes and

pathogens are recommended. An adaptable treatment

process should be developed and recommended to the

farmers so that loss of fish production due to fish diseases

could be reduced.

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Impact of diseases on fish production of baors in Jessore, Bangladesh

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